THERMAL AND FLOW INVESTIGATION OF BLOOD-DRIVEN AL₂O₃–Fe₃O₄–CuO TERNARY HYBRID NANOFLUID IN POROUS CHANNELS SUBJECT TO MHD AND SUCTION ALONG A SINUSOIDAL STRETCHING SURFACE

Abstract

This study investigates the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat transfer characteristics of a ternary hybrid nanofluid over a sinusoidally stretching sheet with suction effects in a porous medium. The nanofluid incorporates three types of nanoparticles dispersed in a base fluid blood with tri-hybrid nano-particles ????????2????3−????????3????4−CuO modeled using the Maxwell non-Newtonian fluid model. Governing boundary-layer equations for momentum and energy are transformed into coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations using an appropriate similarity transformation. The resulting equations are solved numerically via the shooting method. The influences of magnetic field strength, suction parameter, buoyancy force, and porous medium resistance on the velocity and temperature profiles are analyzed. Results indicate that increasing the magnetic or porous parameter suppresses the fluid velocity, while suction enhances thermal boundary-layer thickness. The study provides insights into enhanced heat transfer performance of ternary hybrid nanofluids in practical MHD and thermal engineering applications.