ENERGY, HOLDING TIME, AND TRANSMISSION RANGE BASED VOID AVOIDANCE FOR UNDERWATER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Abstract

When a large number of nodes are accessible in wireless underwater sensor networks (WUSNs), network techniques for information routing are often devised. Consequently, in sparse conditions, for example, a large drop in nodes, the behavior pattern of such protocols' performance deteriorates. Reliability of data transport is crucial because of the challenging underwater path. It guarantees that there is little loss or corruption during data transfer from source to sink. Data routing may be lost due to a large hole, which is one of the major causes compared to other data loss. For UWSNs, two routing protocols are simulated, i.e., energy and transmission range-based void-avoidance (ETVA) and energy, holding time, and transmission range-based void-avoidance (EHTTVA), with the latter relying on energy transmission. Since using the given nodes, it can manage a greater number of traffic and obtain greater energy from ETVA, shortening their time until they expire and turn into energy-holes (void holes). Double energy is allocated to nodes with a depth of less than 200 meters. In EHTTVA, the parameter of packet holding time is added to ETVA to avoid packet collisions and improve throughput. After getting better results, the outstanding performance of EHTTVA and ETVA is comparatively proved promising.